Is Grendel Truley Evil Essay - 1135 Words

Is Grendel Evil or Victim to Circumstance? : How humanity has a tendency to put labels on people they don’t really understand. In the epic of Beowulf, one of the warrior’s biggest adversaries is a creature from the swamp named Grendel. Although the character of Grendel is present for only a short portion in the story of Beowulf, Grendel signifies one of the important messages in the text about humanity. In Beowulf, Grendel is called a ‘monster’. However, if observed closely, analyzing the meaning behind the story, it is easy to see that Grendel is not a typical monster, in fact, it doesn’t seem like he is a monster at all. There is much evidence within the short period of the text where Grendel is present, which indicates he is†¦show more content†¦Another association between the symbol of Grendel and the Catholic/Christian Church is that his modest background almost seems to mirror the ambiguity of the bible. Another part of the text which is evidence to Grendel not being the monster he is made out to be, is the relationship dynamic between Grendel and his mother, a nd also his mother’s actions after his death. The actions of Grendel’s mother are not those of a monster, but those of any normal woman who has children. After her son was killed (murdered and then part of his body was taken as a trophy), she just wanted to seek revenge. â€Å"But now his mother/ had sailed forth on a savage journey,/grief-racked and ravenous, desperate for revenge.† (1276-1278). Grendel’s mother displayed the emotions of complete sadness and despair over her son; it seems more of a human response rather than that belonging to a monster. Considering that the bond of a mother and son is supposed to be the strongest bond of all, her actions after his death are in a way justified. It is easy to see that the character of Grendel is much more than just a monster through his mother’s subsequent actions of taking down Grendel’s arm from hanging in Heorot, and feuding (in her own way she was trying to feud, to obey the code as it wa s in this time. When she went to Heorot to seek her revenge, she did not

Parental Involvement And Parental Participation Education Essay Free Essays

string(29) " larning in their ain place\." In the literature, the impressions of parental engagement and parental engagement are frequently non clearly operationalized ( Feuerstein, 2000 ) . The description of ‘parental engagement ‘ has been expanded from engagement of parents at school to include engagement of parents in the instruction of their kids at place ( Smit et Al, 2007 ) . Desforges ( 2003 ) , for illustration, distinguishes two signifiers of parental involvement/ engagement, viz. We will write a custom essay sample on Parental Involvement And Parental Participation Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘spontaneous ‘ versus ‘planned. ‘ Whereas the first is bottom-up, the 2nd is more top down and typically concerns intercessions or programmes aimed to work out the job of insufficient or no parental engagement. Epstein ( 1995 ) defines place, school and community partnerships as representing a relationship between â€Å" three major contexts in which pupils live and turn † ( p. 702 ) and in which shared involvements in and duties for kids are recognized. In add-on, Funkhouser and Gonzales ( 1997 ) province that successful partnerships involve the sustained common coaction, support and engagement of school staffs and households at place and at school, in activities and attempts that have a positive consequence on the academic success of kids in school. Because place, school and community represent the major overlapping domains of influence in kids ‘s instruction and development, research workers and practicians call for their coaction as spouses who â€Å" work together to make better plans and chances for pupils † ( Epstein, 1995, p. 701 ) . Socio-cultural research workers define â€Å" community † as a â€Å" community of pattern † – that is, a group of people engaged in an activity driven by common or closely decussate ends and involvements ( Wenger, 1998 ; Wenger, McDermott A ; Snyder, 2002 ) . In chase of these ends and involvements, they employ common patterns, work with the same tools or resources and utilize specific discourse. Communities constitute societal contexts and significances for larning as people participate in societal patterns. Knowledge is integrated in the making, societal dealingss and expertness of these communities. Furthermore, the procedures of larning and rank in a community of pattern are inseparable. Because acquisition is intertwined with community rank, it is what lets people belong to and set their position in the group. As participants change, their acquisition and their individuality – relationship to and within the group – besides alteration. Therefo re, communities constitute the most powerful learning environments for kids, making potency for their development as kids engage in societal patterns with others. This attack to larning suggests that instructors need to understand their pupils ‘ communities of pattern and admit the acquisition pupils do in such communities ( Saxe, 2002 ; Sfard, 2002 ) . Pulling on communities ‘ financess of cognition can capitalise on cultural diverseness and get the better of any mismatch between pupils ‘ place environments and the civilization of school. McIntyre, Rosebery and Gonzalez ( 2001 ) argue that minority and hapless kids can win in school if schoolroom patterns give them the same advantage that in-between category kids have – direction that puts cognition of their communities and experiences at the bosom of their acquisition. In the position of these research workers, larning mathematics is more than structured individualised knowledge ; it is besides dependent on the societal and cultural state of affairs and values of the scholar. International research points to big differences in the mode in which and extent to which parents are involved in the instruction of their kids. The differences have been found to be associated with, among other things, the societal and cultural background and thereby social-ethnic composing of the school population. The grade and signifier of engagement, harmonizing to Desforges ( 2003 ) , are strongly influenced by societal beginning, educational background of the female parent, material want, the psycho-social wellness of the female parent, turning up in a single-parent household and-but to a lesser extent-ethnicity. The sentiments of the parents sing their function and their degree of trust in their ability to carry through this function have besides been found to be of critical importance ( Symeou, 2001 ; Phtiaka, 2001 ) . Kohl, Lengua and McMahon ( 2000 ) conclude on the footing of a comparing of ‘black ‘ and ‘white ‘ parents in deprived vicinities in th e USA that there are no differences for a figure of facets of parental engagement but decidedly differences for a figure of hazard factors, such as parental instruction and single-parent household. The writers emphasize that the quality of the engagement is more of import than the measure. Driessen, Smit and Sleegers ( 2005 ) conclude that the extent to which the kid is unfastened to parental engagement is the strongest forecaster of parental engagement at place while parental engagement at school depends chiefly on the extent to which instructors invite such engagement. Sheldon ( 2002 ) points to the importance of the size of the societal webs of parents as an of import forecaster of parental engagement. The treatment in the earlier subdivisions of the survey shows the paradigm displacement that has occurred with respects to seeing instruction as non merely the primary duty of either the parents or the school. What emerges, hence, is acknowledgment of the mutuality among parents, schools, and the community to foster a common goal-that is, the proper instruction and conveying up of kids, a undertaking that is clearly womb-to-tomb in nature ( Ndahayo and Gaikwad, 2004 ) . In fact, a good figure of research point to the fact that kids do better when there is an integrating of attempts between their parents and the school ( for illustration, see Pleyvak and Heaston, 2001 and Ndahayo and Gaikwad, 2004, among others ) . Harmonizing to the Scots Inspectorate of Education ( 2006 ) , the close working relationships between parents and schools help to develop kids ‘s larning attitudes, therefore doing them more capable of accomplishing their full potency. At the same clip, parental engagement ensures that instructors have a clearer and better apprehension of the kids ‘s household fortunes and personal accomplishments and traits. Parents are similarly benefited by this agreement because now they are in a better place to understanding what their kids larn, how good they are acquiring along in category and with friends and, most significantly, how they can lend positively to back up such larning in their ain place. You read "Parental Involvement And Parental Participation Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Clear communicating channels between parents and instructors allow them address issues and concerns rapidly and efficaciously, so as to minimise their negative impact on the kids. Parents play an of import function in assisting their kid foster a positive attitude towards athleticss, as they are the 1s who can act upon future athletics activity picks ( Kanters, 2008 ) . Parents have besides come to see their kids ‘s engagement in competitory athleticss as a cardinal constituent in their overall socialisation. It is non merely the school that portions the load of duty with parents in the proper instruction of kids. For illustration, the UK authorities has besides already recognized the fact that doing kids larn the importance of regular physical activity in relation to good wellness has to be tackled even at the policy doing degree ( Hemming, 2007 ) . This recognizes that society has to step in and do compulsory certain facets of the proper instruction of kids to ease their development, because parents and schools can merely travel so far without holding a unvarying and effectual model to work with in implementing their programs and plans for wellness act ivities ( Hemming, 2007 ) . The fact that bulk of the school-based wellness enterprises launched in the UK in the past few old ages represents an of import paradigm displacement: the accent on developing a immature population that is physically active and healthy is no longer the exclusive duty of parents and persons, but of the school system every bit good. Epstein ( 1995 ) said that the theoretical account of overlapping domains of shared influence among the three major contexts where pupils learn and grow-the household, school and community-can be drawn together or pushed apart, depending on the collaborative model that is established among them. This theoretical account locates the pupil at the centre of acquisition, and so all attempts are geared towards assisting them advancement in their instruction and socialisation. Padavick ( 2009 ) noted that one of the most of import factors for the successful academic public presentation of kids is the engagement of parents in their acquisition. His survey presented an thorough analysis of relevant literature that surrounds the thought of parental engagement in the raising procedure of kids, along with the assorted theoretical constructs that have attempted to specify merely what parental engagement agencies in such a context. He wrote that parental engagement emerged as a construct in the learning procedure of the kid in 1890s, when the demand to specify the relationship between parents and schools became evident. Parent/teacher associations were the first establishments that linked the parent to the school. Later on, this led to the engagement non merely of educational governments in the attention and upbringing of the kid, but besides of the province. The US federal authorities began to pay more attending to the different plans that can lend to the positi ve development of the kids and the household, by tapping into the resources and activities of the school. The consequence of such engagement, nevertheless, turned out to be unfortunate, because the parents easy delegated the opportunity-or undertaking, depending on how one perceives the matter-to usher their kids ‘s acquisition to the school governments and to the authorities. Because of the lesser accent that was given to their existent aid in determining the educational accomplishment of the kids, parents took on a more inactive engagement in the surveies of the latter ( Padavick, 2009 ; Wright, Tim, 2009 ) . This mellow attitude of the parents can be traced to changing perceptual experiences of the parents and the instructors with respects to the extent of parental engagement of the former in their kids ‘s instruction. Clearly, meaningful relationships can merely be built if both parties understand the importance of their common engagement in the upbringing and instruction of the kid. Parents tend to believe that one time they have provided financially for the instruction of their kids, their function in the educational procedure has already been satisfied ( Flakes, 2007 ) , but this is far from the truth. Parents really have the lasting duty non merely to care for the kid but besides to educate him or her continuously, such that they could non wholly depute the undertaking of instruction to the instructors in school. Students benefit from this agreement because they can still demo successful academic accomplishment despite other factors that can function to draw down the same, if and when parents are able to demo active support throughout their early educational old ages. The impression of parental engagement in the instruction of kids is important because it will demo the extent to which parents are responsible for the latter ‘s instruction. It can function as the threshold boundary for indicating out where the duty of school decision makers, instructors and society starts. It is through their active engagement that parents show their echt involvement non merely in the development of their kid, but besides in their academic accomplishment and schooling ( Padavick, 2009 ) . Parental behaviour is of import in instilling the first survey wonts of the kid because it is the parents who foremost set up the demand to hold appropriate survey and drama times, every bit good as giving encouragement and motive for them to make their prep and other school-related activities. Therefore, they set up non merely the outlooks that their kids must endeavor for, but besides familiar modus operandis that would assist the latter focal point on their surveies and better academic public presentation subsequently on ( Cotton and Wikelund, 1989 as cited in Padavick, 2009 ) . Motivation is an of import facet of acquisition because it is what pushes the scholar to really absorb the lessons that he or she learns in school and to utilize it along with other old cognition and accomplishments. Motivation allows for the different edifice blocks of larning to go one incorporate whole, therefore determining the kid ‘s experiences and positions. Any sort of larning requires a good sum of motivation-both from the portion of the pupil to whom the information will be given, and from the portion of the instructor who is expected to supply the necessary input to jump-start the acquisition procedure. Therefore, it is besides of import to look at how motive affects the quality and velocity of the acquisition procedure, and to see how to increase such motive particularly on the portion of the pupil. For illustration, LiuolienA- and MetiA «nienA- ( 2006 ) have noted that motive in 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) larning research has received much attending in the past decennary, particularly motivational theories in drama inside the L2 schoolroom. Research workers agree that motive plays a critical function in the scholar ‘s accomplishment, if merely because the impulse to larn is coming from an internal, non an external, beginning. So powerful is motive that it can really be harnessed to overrule other larning factors such as linguistic communication aptitude, to impact the pupil ‘s public presentation in both negative and positive ways. But parents are non the end-all and be-all of the instruction of their kids. Even as school boards and decision makers try to prosecute the parents of their pupils in meaningful working relationships to better the behaviour and academic public presentation of the latter, it is still of import to observe that the motive to larn is non supplied merely by the parents. Such relationships would take to a more incorporate attack in raising the saloon of outlooks and accomplishments that a kid could achieve. Therefore, it appears from the research that it is the instructors who foremost initiate the constitution of a working relationship between the parents, school, and society at big ( Padvick, 2009 ) . There is accent on the fact that parents can travel out of inactive support for their kids ‘s instruction to taking a more proactive function in the latter ‘s development, to the point that they become â€Å" life-long coachs † who are willing to maintain unfastened lines of communicating with the instructors of their kids so that increased academic public presentation may be achieved ( Padavick, 2009 ) . Home-schooling parents may be the lone exclusion to the regulation in the sense that they do non hold to organize with their kid ‘s instructors to supervise and better the former ‘s academic public presentation. But the kid will non remain homeschooled everlastingly. For this intent, it is of import that home-schooling parents recognize that they may hold to portion the load and the privilege of holding joint influence over their kid ‘s instruction with his or her instructors in the hereafter. Majority of the literature points to the fact that there is a deficiency of sufficient parental engagement in determining the educational public presentation of the kid ( Padavick, 2009. Therefore, it is of import to understand the outlooks and parts that each stakeholder-parent, instructor or community-can spring to the positive development of kids. This is of import because merely when ends and involvements of all the parties concerned are established can earnest attempts to an integrating of schemes be made. Of class, every instructor would desire non merely a motivated pupil, but besides a pupil who has the benefit of a good family-school-community partnership to back up his successful academic accomplishment. The job, nevertheless, is that there is a deficiency of co-ordinated attempts among these three spouses in procuring the proper development of the kid. In this respect, the instructors can really utilize some aid in making effectual schemes that can construct meaningful partnerships between them and the parents and communities of the pupils and convert them to be more actively involved in the kids ‘s acquisition. Parental attitudes in larning impact on how their kids view instruction every bit good, and they can therefore be used as an of import tool for manipulating and increasing the kids ‘s involvements in their ain surveies Hill, Nnenia ( 2009 ) . However, possibly because of their occupations or their household duties, parents have been giving lesser attending to their kids ‘s acquisition procedure. Therefore, it is the instructors who must make ways and agencies to make out to the parents and convert them to take on a more active portion in the educational enterprises of the kids. For illustration, instructors have to efficaciously convert the parents non to go excessively intimidated with the school environment and the instructors who take over their kids ‘s instruction Hill, Nnenia ( 2009 ) . Parents do non ever experience welcome or needed in the learning procedure of their kids, so this may be one ground why they would instead withdraw to the out of boundss, so to talk. This serves as the individual biggest barrier that stops the parents and instructors from acquiring across to one another to construct a meaningful relationship that will profit the kids the most and guarantee their uninterrupted instruction and development. Snowflakes ( 2007 ) farther noted other grounds why parents do non collaborate with the instructors in guaranting the high educational accomplishment of their kids, particularly among parents of kids who belong to minority groups. There is a deficiency of general trust in the educational establishments, uncomfortableness in talking to the instructors, and a inclination to compare the examining inquiries of the instructors to disrespect. In this respect, it is of import for instructors to assist parents experience at place in the working relationship and to promote their engagement in a positive mode. This can merely be done if both parties know how much each one can lend to the development of the kid, in order to complement the other in the best manner possible. But the working relationship is uncomplete without the active engagement of the 3rd of import factor-the community ( Epstein 2001 ) . The overlapping domains of influence that Epstein ( 2001 ) had identified are situated in such a manner that the kid is found at the centre. The community is every bit of import as either of the other two factors because it can really function to beef up impressions that relate on the extent of the function of the household and the school in the upbringing of the kid. For illustration, Corner and Haynes ( 1997 ) noted that the deficiency of working relationship between parents and instructors in some inner-city vicinities in the United States have been intensified because of the unreal differentiations that society has created between the two. Society says that the school is responsible merely for the academic acquisition of the kid, while the household has sole power over the kid ‘s emotional and moral development. This categorised system of acquisition has someway prevented parents and instructors from making out to one another in order to make meaningful partnerships directed at bettering their kids ‘s holistic instruction. The truth of the affair is that kids do non halt larning wherever they may be ( Corner and Haynes 1997 ) . They do conveying their cognition from either place or school into the other. Therefore, it is of import to make a seamless larning environment between the place and the school in order to assist incorporate the kid ‘s cognition and acquisition experiences. This is where the community comes into the image. By supplying policies and plans that can beef up the parent-teacher relationship, the community can lend to the positive development of the kid. Epstein ( 2001 ) wrote that portion of the end of the working relationship is to make a â€Å" family-like school † or â€Å" school-like policy † , constructs that conveying together the best that each acquisition sphere has to offer. Abromitis ( 2009 ) likewise noted that with the community supervising the coordination of attempts between parents and instructors, effectual sharing of resources is possible. For illustration, schools can supply parents and their kids easy entree to community resources and services that they may necessitate in order to hike the latter ‘s academic public presentation. Smit, Driessen, Sluiter and Sleegers ( 2007 ) have investigated the types of parents and school schemes to make en effectual partnership. The consequences of this survey showed that parents in white schools support the instructors on activities ; these parents are represented as protagonists. On the other manus, parents that are non in the non-minority group and evidently with high societal position ever have a say in school affairs. These parents act as politicians. In contrast, schools with a batch of pupils that is disadvantaged, parents are given small or no attending in a say for school affairs. There is a constriction in white schools for parents that have no clip to back up the activities. These parents are career parents. On the other manus, there is a constriction in black schools as the parents here do non comprehend themselves as qualified in take parting in assorted school activities. These parents are labeled as absentee parents. It is farther shown in the research that strategies that are parallel with the different types of parents can be identified in school squads in order to recognize effectual partnership dealingss. Meyer, Armstrong-Coben and Batista ( 2005 ) described a theoretical account of community-academic partnership in New York City. The partnership included paediatric occupants and Alianza Dominicana, Inc. , a community based societal service organisation. The end of the partnership was to advance child wellness and development in the community. Harmonizing to the 2000 nose count, 72 % of the community served described themselves as Dominican. The community was located in a rural country with economically disadvantaged working category occupants. Meyer et Al. ( 2005 ) reflectively described four rules that lead to the success of this culturally diverse partnership. First, a trusting relationship was established among university module, paediatric occupants and community occupants. The relationship took old ages to develop because of misconceptions between the paediatric occupants and the community. The community perceived university module as the â€Å" Ivory Tower † and the paed iatric occupants as â€Å" chesty and omniscient † . The paediatric occupants perceived the community as destitute and deficient assets. Initially, the paediatric occupants did non see the assets within the community. Therefore, the message was to abandon prejudices in order to hold a positive working relationship. This was achieved through preparation Sessionss led by community leaders and module members. Community leaders bit by bit gained leading functions within the medical residence plan. Next, the constitution of specific defined ends was determined. The formation of the board of managers, dwelling of representatives from the community, module and occupants, was the 3rd rule and the last rule taking to the success of the partnership was unfastened communicating utilizing a common linguistic communication. The creative activity of a common linguistic communication was developed through â€Å" Narrative Lunches † , an activity for occupants and community members to speak about cultural differences in an unfastened duologue ( Meyer et al. 2005 ) . Buttery and Anderson ( 1999 ) published a synthesis and literature sing the kineticss between the parents, community and school. In drumhead, they emphasized that interaction between and among places and school are really important for constructing a acquisition environment. The United States has stood long before the publicity of instruction in kids every bit good as the publicity of parental partnership with the community for the overall growing of kids. This will further heighten the effectivity of the schools. Smit and Driessen ( 2005 ) published a survey sing the importance of instruction as a requirement in the engagement of parents every bit good as the instructors in the intercultural jobs at school and in the society. However, in most instances, there underlies a deficiency in communicating. It has been suggested that instructors and parents should be more cognizant of the fact that they need each other in pass oning better sing the pedagogical jobs particularly at place and school. Besides, they need to pass on in incorporating their part to the kids ‘s upbringing and instruction. Boaduo, Milondzo and Adjei ( 2009 ) conducted a survey sing parent-community engagement in school administration and its consequence on instructor ‘s effectivity and betterment on the public presentation of the scholars. The survey was conducted in primary and secondary schools in Botswana. The careworn decision from this said survey is that in schools wherein parents and community engagement is really seeable, instructors are effectual and contributes to the pupils ‘ positive behaviour and their public presentations ‘ improved. Coleman and Hutchens ( 1995 ) conducted a predicted survey of administrative and teacher variables sing their communicating in early childhood instruction. Four 100s eighty three preschool instructor samples were studied. Consequences of multiple arrested development analysis showed that the features of early childhood scene that is associated with administrative determination contributes chiefly in explicating the discrepancy of how frequently parents and instructors communicate. Kilpatrick, Johns and Mulford ( 2003 ) conducted a survey sing the development of community partnerships in larning in the rural communities. It was concluded in this survey that the attack to school-community relationship is really important to the long-run opportunities of success. A tactical attack affecting a series of tactics or speedy holes, or a strategic attack concentrating merely on peculiar countries of failing and schemes to turn to these countries, are non as likely to be every bit successful as on-going capacity constructing originating from a sense of shared school-community vision for the hereafter. At the same clip, it must be recognized that edifice of school-community partnerships occurs over clip, and leading procedures must admit and construct on this. It is aimed of holding a school and community that have a sense of bureau ; that is, an ability to move purposefully in chase of ends, to self-regulate, and to larn and alter as and when they decide it is in their corporate involvements to make so. In a similar survey by Goos, Lowrie and Jolly ( 2007 ) , wherein Australia is the topic, they have explored the originating research on educational partnership between households, schools and communities. The partnership ‘s impacts in larning diverseness in kids ‘s numeracy and acquisition were studied. It was concluded in this survey that in the field of place, school and community partnerships there is no consistent understanding about the significance of the footings â€Å" partnerships † , â€Å" parent engagement † and â€Å" community engagement † . Many different sorts of activities fall within this field. In add-on, the stakeholders in these connexions between place, school and community may keep conflicting perceptual experiences about numeracy, and about their functions and the functions of other stakeholders. In analyzing effectual partnerships in numeracy instruction, the importance of relationships, common trust, and regard developed over an drawn-out period of clip was a subject that emerged from our instance survey analysis. This indispensable good will can non be created wholly by support or targeted plans, and plans such as the Mobile Pre-school Pilot Program and Distance Education in rural Australia owe their success to a long history of cooperation and joint endeavor centered on the public assistance and instruction of kids, their households and communities. It was besides notable that some of the most effectual partnerships we identified for our instance surveies were non initiated as numeracy plans but took a more holistic attack ( cf Hexter, 1990 ) . The research indicates that constructing strong home-school-community partnerships around kids ‘s acquisition in general can put the basis for numeracy-specific acquisition. In culturally diverse communities we would propose that partnership edifice is of paramount importance, and should continue – or at least accompany – the debut of educat ional plans that seek to originate kids into numeracy patterns that are valued but different from those of their place civilization. Plenty of grounds was found that parents truly care about their kids ‘s instruction, it was every bit clear that non all parents want to be actively involved in all facets of schooling and many see their function as chiefly a supportive 1. Possibly the most productive manner forward is to concentrate on what each participant – parent, instructor, community member – can convey to the partnership that will do best usage of their diverse expertness, backgrounds, and involvements in back uping the kid ‘s numeracy acquisition. Dhingra, Manhas and Sethi ( 2007 ) examined the parents ‘ engagement of parents in school related activities. Further, it listed the assorted agencies of communicating being used by parents to get information sing the kids ‘s public presentation and suggestion on bettering the relationship between schools and parents. It was found that parental engagement in schools was limited. Very few of them were members of regulating commission or acted as resource individuals. Whenever there was incidence of engagement male parents exceeded in Numberss. Parents were largely concerned about the academic public presentation of their wards. Majority of female parents visited schools on a regular footing to cognize about their kid ‘s public presentation. The issues of treatment were chiefly behavior of the kid and general school public presentation. However, parents used varied beginnings to garner information about kid related issues and the most normally used medium was school d airy ( 71 % ) followed by parent instructor meeting ( 50 % ) , school magazine etc. Another national survey explored passage patterns ( Early, Pianta, Taylor, A ; Cox, 2001 ) and examined the hypothesis that school-centered passage patterns had three features: 1 ) provided outreach to households, preschools, and communities ; 2 ) looked back in clip to do connexions before kid entered school ; and 3 ) provided activities of appropriate strength. Using informations from the National Center for Early Development and Learning ( NCEDL ) Transition Practices Survey ( stratified, random sample of over 10,000 kindergarten instructors ) , research workers described passage patterns and identified passage barriers. Between-group comparings were conducted from over 3,500 questionnaires. Main findings showed that instructors with preparation in passage activities made attempts to vary activities. Delaies in obtaining category lists created barriers to optimal passage pattern. Besides, schools need to make ready environments instead than keeping high outlooks of single kids â €˜s school preparedness. Jewett et Al. ( 1998 ) engaged in a narrative survey of four simple instructors to understand what is involved in efficaciously back uping school preparedness ( i.e. , passage ) of kids with particular demands. Research workers used informations from instructors ‘ brooding diary Hagiographas from April to December 1996. Consequences were categorized into five passage undertakings. A subject of stressfulness emerged based on many challenges for instructors. Research workers suggested schools must admit instructors ‘ overpowering duty and aid in relieving stressors by supplying extra support and resources. Another Head Start survey explored instructors and kids as co-creators of behaviours characterized as at hazard or promise as kids transitioned to kindergarten. Researchers conducted an ethnographic survey in 1993 that included observations over a 6-month period at a local Head Start/Transition Demonstration site. Skinner, Bryant, Coffman, and Campbell ( 1998 ) followed 21 pupils in the mark group through kindergarten. Field notes were analyzed which revealed grounds that even in the first hebdomads of school, instructors and preschoolers showed marks of co-constructing patterns that moved kids onto a way of school failure. Issues of race and civilization became portion of the discourse and co-construction. Teachers held unrealistic outlooks to â€Å" repair † the at hazard kid. Traditional learning environments did non back up kids ‘s ongoing development whereas those who spent more clip and energy pulling out kids ‘s single strengths co-created concepts of promis e. Ethnographers acknowledged that kids ‘s academic promise was a joint duty of schools, places, communities, and larger society. The offering of chances for parents to take part in the instruction of their kids has been found to exercise a positive influence on the cognitive development and accomplishment of students ( Boethel, 2004 ; Driessen A ; Smit, 2007 ; Epstein et Al, 2002 ) . However, a few surveies show no effects of such chances ( Mattingly, Prinslin, McKenzie, Rodriguez A ; Kayzar, 2002 ) . Parental engagement is besides frequently considered one of the most of import constituents or features of effectual schools ( Driessen, Smit A ; Sleegers, 2005 ) . In add-on to the positive effects of parental engagement on the school accomplishment of kids, positive effects on the societal operation of students have besides been found in assorted surveies. This involves facets of the behaviour of students, their motive, societal competency, the dealingss between instructors and students, and the dealingss among the students themselves ( Boethel, 2003 ; Henderson A ; Mapp, 2002 ; Jordan, Orozco A ; Averett, 2001 ) . Meyer, Armstrong-Coben and Batista ( 2005 ) described a theoretical account of community-academic partnership in New York City. The partnership included paediatric occupants and Alianza Dominicana, Inc. , a community based societal service organisation. The end of the partnership was to advance child wellness and development in the community. Harmonizing to the 2000 nose count, 72 % of the community served described themselves as Dominican. The community was located in a rural country with economically disadvantaged working category occupants. Meyer et Al. ( 2005 ) reflectively described four rules that lead to the success of this culturally diverse partnership. First, a trusting relationship was established among university module, paediatric occupants and community occupants. The relationship took old ages to develop because of misconceptions between the paediatric occupants and the community. The community perceived university module as the â€Å" Ivory Tower † and the paed iatric occupants as â€Å" chesty and omniscient † . The paediatric occupants perceived the community as destitute and deficient assets. Initially, the paediatric occupants did non see the assets within the community. Therefore, the message was to abandon prejudices in order to hold a positive working relationship. This was achieved through preparation Sessionss led by community leaders and module members. Community leaders bit by bit gained leading functions within the medical residence plan. Next, the constitution of specific defined ends was determined. The formation of the board of managers, dwelling of representatives from the community, module and occupants, was the 3rd rule and the last rule taking to the success of the partnership was unfastened communicating utilizing a common linguistic communication. The creative activity of a common linguistic communication was developed through â€Å" Narrative Lunches † , an activity for occupants and community members to speak about cultural differences in an unfastened duologue ( Meyer et al. 2005 ) . Some of the literature beginnings advised that the determination about the precise nature of parent engagement must take into history cultural, cultural and category differences every bit good as fluctuations related to the age and gender of scholars ( Fullan, 2001 ) . Furthermore, Shaeffer ( 1994 ) is of the sentiment that in finding what conditions parent-community engagement is most good we have to understand the different signifiers of parent-community engagement and their effects for the school, the scholar and other forces in the whole school system. The ground provided by Shaeffer and others is that certain signifiers of engagement produce positive consequences while others may be uneconomical or wholly antagonistic productive ( Anderson, 1991 ; Shaeffer, 1994 ) . Leadership processes in order to convey approximately and back up sustainable alteration within educational scenes ( e.g. Mulford, 2003 ; Lambert, 1998 ; Sergiovanni, 1994 ) . Leithwood ( 1994 ) and Silins A ; Mulford ( 2002 ) argue that transformational leading facilitates effectual school reform. Transformational leading patterns of school leaders include the development of a widely shared school vision and collaborative civilization, furthering the committedness and capacity of staff, administering duty for leading, and back uping coaction with appropriate resourcing. These impressions of leading are supported in the community development literature ( e.g. Henton, Melville A ; Walesh, 1997 ; Langone A ; Rohs, 1995 ; Chrislip A ; Larson, 1994 ) . Other elements or edifice blocks for effectual schoola?’community partnerships are summarized by Schorr ( 1997 ) , who found that successful plans: are non mandated by policy but respond to community demands ; rely on the commun ity ‘s ain resources and strengths ; pull extensively on outside resources for support, proficient expertness and to act upon policy ; and are based on strong relationships based on common trust and regard which are sustained by institutional support. Schorr ( 1997 ) besides noted that successful schoola?’community partnerships have a long-run orientation and go on to germinate over clip. Other factors identified in the literature as act uponing the school-community partnership include size of the school and community and propinquity of the school to the community, continuity of resources, and the importance of promotion and bipartisan communicating ( Carlsmith A ; Railsback, 2001 ; CRLRA, 2001 ; Miller, 1995 ; Combs A ; Bailey, 1992 ) . How to cite Parental Involvement And Parental Participation Education Essay, Essay examples

My First Surprise Party Expository Place Descripti Essay Example For Students

My First Surprise Party Expository Place Descripti Essay ve Essays My First Surprise Party I am the one in the picture with the sloppy bun in my hair and the bright red cheeks. The one who cant stop smiling. With all my friends surrounding me, it was one of the best days of my life. All fifteen of us look happy; it was a night for many smiles. Everyone is crowded around the table. There are a lot of red cheeks in the picture; the room was as hot as a sauna. There was a strong smell of barbeque sauce in the air as well. The picture was taken right after dinner. The table we are crowded around is messy. There are a lot of cups on the table and bottles of ketchup and barbeque sauce, with dirty, green napkins piled up. The restaurant was as noisy as the circus when the clowns perform. There were a lot of pictures taken that night, but out of all the pictures, this is the best one taken of everyone. Crouched down in front is Brent Dana. He has a grin on his face more than a smile. Brent hates pictures, and he doesnt smile in any of them; he is wearing his red Rag Tails shirt that he always wears. Next to Brent is Jade Walker. She has her hair back and is wearing her red North Face jacket. Jade has an adorable smile on her face. Next to Jade is Mary Attaway leaning over the table wearing a flowered backless shirt with a black sweater. To the right of Mary is Laura Jones. Laura is slightly leaning her head toward her right shoulder and is wearing a blue shirt with a drawstring tie in front. Laura has her arm around Erica Farnsworth, who has a yellow shirt and white jacket on. She looks especially happy; she is smiling from ear to ear. Starting in the left hand comer (in row two) are Chad Phillips and Caitlin Pollock standing together. Chad has his arms around Caitlins waist. He has this cute little grin, and Caitlin has a huge smile and rosy red cheeks. Brittany Wilkins is next to Caitlin with a puzzled look on her face, the face you would see in a hard Algebra II exam when you dont think you even learned what the question is asking. To the top right of Brittany is Katie Van Cleave. She looks as if she is stretching on her tiptoes as high as she can to get her little head in the picture. The person right in front of Katie is Katie Fogo. Katie looks goofy; she is hunched over and has the look of a kindergartener going off to the first day of school with a big smile. Next to Katie am I, and my cheeks are red because I have been running around. I have my arms around Katie Fogo and Christopher Wright. Chriss cheeks are equally red. Chris is bending over to be down at my height since he is so much taller than me. Above Christopher and me is Bailey Pratt. Hes standing on a chair, and it took about five tries of this same picture to get one picture that he didnt do something silly to mess up. Below Christopher off to the right are Ricky Johnson and Phillip Cole. Ricky and Philip are like Brent and dont like to smile in pictures. They have tough looks on their faces as if they were posing for football pictures. Behind us you can see white window trim and reflections of lights in the windows. There is also a waitress over in the left hand corner working. We were all pretty crammed in the corner. .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836 , .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836 .postImageUrl , .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836 , .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836:hover , .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836:visited , .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836:active { border:0!important; } .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836:active , .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836 .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubc14d4fcb876fc2b747ccee4b5f7b836:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy EssayYou might be wondering what had happened when this picture was taken and why it was so important to me. It all started on the afternoon of March 31, 2000. It was cool outside, but you could feel the warmth of the sun on your skin as my friends and I sat in the grass. A lot of the girls and I had gone down to the baseball fields to watch the freshman baseball .

Online Assignment Help - A New Concept in Education

Presently everyone is trying to exceed expectations in their life for which people are seeking help from online experts. In the same way students are also trying to find some help in their daily assignments or homework so they can improve their grades and save some extra time. Nowadays students are trying to learn numerous things at the same time, due to which it has become difficult to manage time from their daily routine. So, in this situation they opt to seek online help from the experts in writing their daily assignments. Basically, there are so many online platforms that offer assignment writing services and help students in their daily assignment work. But make sure you contact the expert people just like that are helping students to finish their daily assignments and homework in the most professional way. They guarantee timely submission of student’s assignments and also charge very affordable rates. Basically, is helping students to manage their understudies and giving them non-stop instructions. This type of online help is also known as E-education. It’s just liked an online coach that will help you to solve each and every question and provide you expert help according to your subjects. There are so many platforms that are offering Online assignment writing services that ware helping students in their subject issues, tests, assignments and in paper preparations. Here we are discussing about benefits that students will get from these online assignment help platforms that have become a new trend in education. 1. Save time on every assignment: So yes, taking help from best academic writing services you can save enough amount of time to attend lectures and maintain your focus on studies with a fresh mind. Obviously doing an assignment by yourself is a time-consuming task and require you to conduct proper research for solving questions and gathering relevant data from reliable resources. But you can save a lot of time simply by hiring Academic writing pro as they will do all the assignments, tests and research on your behalf. 2. Get customized research papers: Online assignment experts will help you to write customized research papers based on your requirements and instructions. Basically, experts will pay focus on each and every assignment so you can get the perfect work according to your requirements. This will help you to improve your grades and receive good marks in your class assignments by paying affordable prices. These types of online services are perfect for students who just can’t write something impressive in their daily assignments and research papers. 3. Prevent the issue of stealing data: Actually, there are so many students that use to face issues of stealing online articles and data while doing their assignments and tests. In all the famous universities and colleges just like the University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Imperial College London, etc. You have to face serious consequences if teachers caught you while stealing data from online articles. So yes, you can actually get rid of this problem by hiring professional online assignment writing services. They will help you to get the perfect assignments that will be plagiarism free and there will be no more grammatical mistakes present in it. 4. Opt to get the error-free writing: People don’t have an exceptional writing skill that’s why they use to make so many mistakes while drafting daily assignment. That might become the reason of deducting their marks in the class assignments and tests. If you really want to prevent this type of marks deduction, then you should contact . So, they would help you to get error free writing of your daily assignments and papers. They will ensure you papers and assignments without any type of grammatical mistakes and plagiarism. That can help you to improve your grades and GPA’s. 5. You’ll get projects ready on Time: The major issue that students have to face while studying in the universities or colleges is timely submission of assignments. As we all know there are so many subjects that students have to study in one semester. So, all of them have their separate tests, assignments and research papers. Which they have to submit in time or else teachers will deduct their marks. Due to which it becomes very difficult for students to manage everything in time. So yes in that case you can take help in assignment writing. There are so many online assignments help platforms are present that will help you to get authentic assignments and projects ready in time. 6. Get a chance to improve your grades: Basically, this new concept of online assignment help is giving students a chance to enhance their overall grades. So yes, you can actually get services of as they will help you to get a great boost in your academic grades, percentage or GPA. You can simply trust these experts and they will provide you customized assignments, research papers and articles for subjects that you have chosen. They in this way you will get enough amount of time that will enable you to enjoy your student life and attend all the classes with the tension of writing complex and tough assignments. So yes, we can say that it will be beneficial for you if you take some expert advice on your daily assignments that will also help you to know about things that you haven’t understood the lectures. Hence allowing you to get more marks in your exams.

Dressing Up Case Essay Example

Dressing Up Case Essay Example Dressing Up Case Essay Dressing Up Case Essay Kohls has several external areas and trends that their strategic managers have to face every day. First, and possibly the most obvious, is their existing competitors. Kohls has to deal with J. C. Penny, Target, Sears, Macys and Wall-Mart as their competition. Theyve most recently had to keep up with Target and J. C. Pennys trends of the cheap chic look when Kohls released their Marc Anthony and Jennifer Lopez product lines. Demographic is the next external area. Kohls target customers are young mothers. That being said, the largest generation of young people since the mores, Generation Y, consists of young mothers. This single external area helped determine their location since they believed their target customer didnt have the time for a long drive to a mall location and dealing with parking hassles. 2. If I was a strategic decision maker at the headquarters of Kohls, I would primarily want to know the general environment sectors: Economic, Demographic, Calculators, Political-Legal, and Technological. These would be important to me because they are more big picture areas than that of the specific environment. If I was a local store anger for Kohls, I would want information from the specific environment: Consumers, Possible Competitors, and Resource Providers. This is because local management has direct contact with the customers and suppliers sales representatives. 3. Kohls is recognizing the trend of convenience and is making Kohls shopping experience with technological ease. Kohls. Com has let customers view their products online and even view an expanded selection of merchandise. Kohls have allowed for a customer to order a product online and return it in the store instead of going through the hassle of returning it through the mail. Kohls has also provided kiosks so that a customer may order something in the store and have it shipped to their home for free. The company is building up the infrastructure which will allow the stores to ship online orders from their stores, rather than their E- Commerce fulfillment centers. During the 2012 holiday season, Kohls shipped selected online orders from their retail distribution centers. By the 2013 holiday season, they expect to ship from 200 of their stores. These changes will allow them to reduce their shipping times and costs. 4. The opportunities I see in this case would be their strategy on location. Kohls target customer, young mothers, creates an opportunity for Kohls due to Generation Y being the largest generation since the baby boomers. Since they considered their target customers in deciding where to place its stores, this created an opportunity for when the women in the largest generation start becoming mothers. The threats would be J. C. Pennys new CEO launching new strategies. Kohls will have to keep up with the new strategies, and new everyday low prices that J. C. Penny is implementing. Dressing Up Case Study By valetudinarians

How and When to Use Uniform Distribution

How and When to Use Uniform Distribution There are a number of different probability distributions. Each of these distributions has a specific application and use that is appropriate to a particular setting. These distributions range from the ever-familiar bell curve (aka a normal distribution) to lesser-known distributions, such as the gamma distribution. Most distributions involve a complicated density curve, but there are some that do not. One of the simplest density curves is for a uniform probability distribution. Features of the Uniform Distribution The uniform distribution gets its name from the fact that the probabilities for all outcomes are the same. Unlike a normal distribution with a hump in the middle or a chi-square distribution, a uniform distribution has no mode. Instead, every outcome is equally likely to occur. Unlike a chi-square distribution, there is no skewness to a uniform distribution. As a result, the mean and median coincide. Since every outcome in a uniform distribution occurs with the same relative frequency, the resulting shape of the distribution is that of a rectangle. Uniform Distribution for Discrete Random Variables Any situation in which every outcome in a sample space is equally likely will use a uniform distribution. One example of this in a discrete case is rolling a single standard die. There are a total of six sides of the die, and each side has the same probability of being rolled face up. The probability histogram for this distribution is rectangular shaped, with six bars that each have a height of 1/6. Uniform Distribution for Continuous Random Variables For an example of a uniform distribution in a continuous setting, consider an idealized random number generator. This will truly generate a random number from a specified range of values. So if it is specified that the generator is to produce a random number between 1 and 4, then 3.25, 3, e, 2.222222, 3.4545456 and pi are all possible numbers that are equally likely to be produced. Since the total area enclosed by a density curve must be 1, which corresponds to 100 percent, it is straightforward to determine the density curve for our random number generator. If the number is from the range a to b, then this corresponds to an interval of length b - a. In order to have an area of one, the height would have to be 1/(b - a). For example, for a random number generated from 1 to 4, the height of the density curve would be 1/3. Probabilities With a Uniform Density Curve It is important to remember that the height of a curve does not directly indicate the probability of an outcome. Rather, as with any density curve, probabilities are determined by the areas under the curve. Since a uniform distribution is shaped like a rectangle, the probabilities are very easy to determine. Rather than using calculus to find the area under a curve, simply use some basic geometry. Remember that the area of a rectangle is its base multiplied by its height. Return to the same example from earlier. In this example, X is a random number generated between the values 1 and 4. The probability that X is between 1 and 3 is 2/3 because this constitutes the area under the curve between 1 and 3.

Informative abstract one page on the 8 of a mechanical heart with MLA Research Paper

Informative abstract one page on the 8 of a mechanical heart with MLA formatted work cited - Research Paper Example The task involves not just mimicking the mechanics of the heart but its interaction with the brain. The significance of heart is no less profound today, but now it assumes an aura of pragmatism with concern for healthfulness which has resulted in the development of the mechanical heart. In patients with advanced heart failure, their heart isnt strong enough to pump sufficient blood for normal activities, leaving them greatly fatigued and frequently bedridden with difficulty breathing. Mechanical heart pumps are designed to help the heart pump blood from the left ventricle to the aorta, increasing flow throughout the body. A mechanical heart is designed to reduce the total work load of a heart that can no longer work at its normal capacity. These hearts consist of equipment that pulses the blood between heart beats or use an artificial auxiliary ventricle (left ventricle assist device, LVAD) that pumps a portion of the normal cardiac output. Because such devices usually result in complications to the patient, they have generally been used as a temporary replacement until natural he arts can be obtained for transplantation. Two artificial hearts have been invented in the US, the Jarvik 7 and the AbioCor, but both have drawbacks: the first has wires that protrude through the skin, and the second can produce blood clots that can lead to stroke. The mechanical heart restores hemodynamic stability; raising blood pressure and helping vital organs recover, as much as possible, in preparation for a heart transplant.  For persons who are not heart transplant candidates, the mechanical heart has allowed prolonged time with family and friends, and time to enjoy desired activities.  Patients can even go home with a fully implanted mechanical heart. Advantages of the mechanical heart are that it is readily available and there is no need for immunosuppressive drugs, which can compromise renal

Human Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Human Resources Management - Essay Example Two other key characteristics of HRM, compared to PM, is that the former is proactive, referring to the long term needs and conditions of the organisation, and it is based on the rule that employee performance is related to employee satisfaction (Pravin 2010, p.12). In opposition, PM addresses only current organisational needs, ‘being reactive in nature’ (Pravin 2010, p.12). Also, PM is ‘employee-centered focusing on existing employee workforce’ (Pravin 2010, p.12). The development of the workforce, in terms of hiring of new employees but also in terms of training of existing employees, is not among the priorities of PM. In Marks and Spencer emphasis is given not only on existing workforce but, mostly, on the continuous development of workforce so that organisational needs, which tend to change continuously, to be addressed (Marks and Spencer 2012). From this point of view, it could be noted that Marks and Spencer is a proactive organisation, promoting emplo yee strategies that aim to respond not only to current but also to future organisational needs (Marks and Spencer 2012). ... is given on contracts of employment where in HRM effort is made so that the communication between the HRM and the employee to be developed out of contracts, b) from the same point of view, in PM following strictly the rules is critical, while no such trend appears in the HRM, while emphasis is given rather on keeping communication and collaboration in the organization at high levels, c) moreover, PM practices are strictly aligned with the organizational practices while for HRM it is more important to follow the organization’s values, which are often ignored in practice, d) in PM the close monitoring of employees’ performance is quite important while in HRM a trend of nurturing employees seems to be promoted; this trend means that employees are offered the chance to review their thoughts and behaviour within the organization so that they are able to respond more effectively to the demands of the tasks assigned to them. P2. Usually, the activities incorporated in HRM aim to support different needs of both the organisation and the employees. For example, reference can be made to the hiring process. This process needs to be carefully designed so that it is effective, leading to the selection of employees that can respond to particular demands of the organisation. The selection process can help an organisation to achieve its goals in the following way: by choosing appropriate staff, managers can secure the successful completion of organisational tasks (DeCenzo and Robbins 2007); in this way, the achievement of organisational goals can be guaranteed. Moreover, payroll, which is also a HRM activity, needs to be fair, so that conflicts within the organisation are avoided. At the same time, payroll needs to be based on the organisation’s performance and future prospects,

Dealing With Video Games’ Problems Essay Example for Free

Dealing With Video Games’ Problems Essay In present-day society, with the Internet technologies developing rapidly, video games have assumed an increasingly crucial role in people’s lives. Admittedly, video games may attract lots of people, and gaming industry has achieved a good success. However, there are many problems with video games such as game addiction of China’s youth and the utilitarian behaviors of the game companies so that it is important to reinforce the regulation of video games. The most severe problem caused by video games is gaming addiction, especially for China’s youth. â€Å"The youth of China are the most plugged-in, an alarming statistics shows that 42% report feeling addicted to the video games, according to Dr. Tao, who set up China’s first Internet addiction clinic at the Military General Hospital in Beijing† (Dubois). Addiction is an appropriate word to describe those game players who immerse themselves in the virtual world of video games and cannot control themselves. â€Å"Long-term Internet addiction would result in brain structural alterations, which probably contributed to chronic dysfunction† (Dubois). â€Å"People’s Daily reported a 14-year-old boy who died after a four storey fall due to hallucinations brought on by his obsession with the popular video game Legend.† (Dubois). Also, other similar tragedies happened because of the addiction. According to China Daily and The Guardian, two Chinese teenagers from different places committed suicide by  jumping from buildings after playing World of War C raft (WOW) for dozens of hours (Dubois). Therefore, it is apparent from these facts that China is facing a problem of gaming addiction. Moreover, the problems are also caused by the utilitarian gaming industry. Game companies are utilitarian that they do not consider the effect that their games will bring to the players but just care about their profit. To attract more kids, â€Å"Game console sell gift cards at convenience stores that allow kids to make purchases on video games, even if they don’t have a credit card† (Henn 4). This will make some kids play video games without their parents’ permission and may even cause addiction and family conflicts. Henn states â€Å"Researchers in game companies tweak games to get players to stay on longer, or to encourage them to spent money on digital goods† (2) and â€Å"the idea is to make gamers uncomfortable, frustrate them, take away their powers, crush their forts—and then, at the last second, offer them a way out for a price† (3). Young players may not have ability to make money, but they spend more and more â€Å"virtual curren cy (paid for with real cash)† (Clendenin) to get the latest and best virtual gaming equipment, which may even cause crimes. People’s Daily reported that a 19-year-old college student stole 20,000 RMB at school in order to pay for the expensive virtual commodities in his favorite video game. Thus, unethical behaviors of gaming industry are also serious problems to solve. Regulations on video games may help to alleviate the severe situation. But to eradicate these problems, the Chinese government must have regulations that are powerful enough. Although the Chinese government has already built up some regulations on video games, these regulations may be not sufficient. In April 2007, the Chinese government introduced  some regulations to deal with such situation. It introduced an anti-addiction system that required the players register with their real name and ID number and will limit the time players spend in their virtual world (Clendenin). â€Å"There is also a total ban on minors handling virtual currency, used by many online games† (Clendenin). The system indeed prevents players from overindulging in online games to some extent. However, the system is not as effective as expected since players just turn to other games after limited hours or they use fake registration information and change it frequently. Meanwhile, the game companies, which depend so much on video games for profit, will also invent more â€Å"countermeasures to cope with these regulations†(Clendenin). So if these regulations have no supporting measures, they may well become an ineffective attempt to solve these complicated issues. Hence, in order to eradicate the problems caused by video games, the Chinese government should have more powerful regulations on video games. To sum up, video games now indeed have caused serious problems for China’s youth. After knowing the reasons for the problems, to deal with such situation, reinforcing the regulation of video games is essential to help solve the rigorous problems in China. Works Cited â€Å"Multitasking After 60: Video Game Boosts Focus, Mental Agility.† Shots. Writ. Jon Hamilton. NPR, 4 Sept. 2013. Radio. â€Å"Video Game Creators Are Using Apps To Teach Empathy.† All Tech Consider. Writ. Steven Henn. NPR, 20 Nov. 2013. Radio â€Å"How Video Games Are Getting Inside Your Head—And Wallet.† All Tech Consider. Writ. Steven Henn. NPR, 29 Oct. 2013. Radio Zhang, Zeoy. â€Å"Has China’s Online Gaming Addiction Become an Epidemic?† The Diplomat. The Diplomat, 4 Oct. 2013. Web. 13 Feb. 2014. Clendenin, Mike. â€Å"China Tightens Online Gaming Regulations.† InformationWeek. N. p., 25 June 2010. Web. 20 Mar 2014 Dubois, Matthew. â€Å"Log in, sign out.† The World of Chinese. N. p., 9 Mar 2013. Web. 20 Mar 2014

The Worries Of Aging :: essays research papers

T. S. Eliot's poem 'The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock'; is quite a lengthy poem for the novice poetry reader, which consists of some 130 lines. Yet, it is the poem's mass that enables the rookie to discern the theme at length. In the beginning and later towards the ending of the poem, the narrator seems to be daydreaming, using a lot of imagery to portray fun or pretty places of solitude, which makes the stanzas ambiguous. In the center of the poem the narrator describes his human feelings towards the surrounding people and objects; here is where a logical connection can be grasped. The narrator is preoccupied with the passing of time and often thinks of tranquil, imaginary places to elude his plaguing thoughts of social ostracism. The theme of this poem, suggesting from the era of time and the narrator's tone, is that age is a burden and man is deeply troubled by it. The author is stating the trouble the narrator is having dealing with middle age and the inhibition to communicate. There are several meanings in the poem that suggest this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eliot uses the words, 'And how should I begin?'; and 'How should I presume?'; repetitiously. This shows the narrator is unconfident with himself mentally and physically. Lines 41 and 44, '(They will say: 'How his hair is growing thin!';)';, and '(They will say: 'But how his arms and legs are thin!';)'; indicates he is terrified of what will happen if people see his balding head or his slim and aging body. He feels that people will think he is old and useless and that they will talk about him behind his back. Another suggestion of aging and how it anguishes the emotions is the stereotype old men have of faltering when trying to communicate ideas with people. The repetition of words the narrator uses like 'vision and revision';, illustrates his feelings of inadequacy in communicating with the people around him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moreover, his insecurity and low self-esteem obscures his love life greatly. It hinders him from doing the things he wishes to do. The woman he is in love with is younger than he is and this is emotionally painful for him. He does not believe that some younger women could possibly accept him or find him attractive. To express any kind of affection or attraction toward her is awkward and difficult for him. Lines 79-80, 'Should I, after tea and cakes and ices, have the strength to force the moment to its crisis?

“White Man’s Burden” and “Shooting an Elephant”

In the poem â€Å"White Man’s Burden† and essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† is talk about the two white men has a different point of views about imperialism and how the white treat the natives. â€Å"White Man’s Burden† by Rudyard Kipling is talk about how does white man sacrifice for the native during the imperialism. â€Å"Shooting an elephant† by George Orwell is talk about how does the white treat the natives by reflect the way shooting an elephant. â€Å"White Man’s Burden† by Rudyard Kipling, the first identity of the white man is sacrifice for the natives, he was one believed in the virtues of imperialism in that period. As the text proof â€Å"send forth the best ye breed-go bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives need; to wait in heavy harness†. The white man try to make difference to the natives, educated them was white man’s job and the cast it as their goal. The second identity of the white man is racial and cultural stereotype, as the text proof â€Å"Ye dare not stoop to less-nor call too loud on freedom to cloak your weariness, by all ye cry or whisper, by all ye leave or do. The white man have to be open mind about different culture and to think about the way of white man teaching the native, be open mind to accept the natives culture as well too. â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† by George Orwell, Through the essay Orwell reflects the social condition at Burma as a result of British Imperialism and his own view on imperialism. The first identity of the white police officer was sub-divisional police officer of the town, an in an aimless. Second identity of the white p olice officer as he expresses is great sympathy for the oppressed Burmese. White police officer reflects the way he Killed the elephant, emotionally. As the text proof â€Å"as soon as I saw the elephant I knew with perfect certainty that I ought not to shoot him. I did not in the least want to shoot him, I decide I could watch him a little bit make sure he did not turn savage again, and then go home. With the magical rifle in my hands I was momentarily worth watching. Suddenly I realized that I should have shot the elephant after all†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  and finally he shot the elephant. In the essay the police officer feels truly stuck between his loyalty to Britain and his sincere distaste of imperialism. The police officer was kind open mind about the time of imperialism. Ironically â€Å"he shoot the elephant† in order to maintain the integrity o the system of imperialism, In Orwell opinion imperialism take away peoples think, doing whatever to the expectation of other. â€Å"The White man’s burden† compare to the â€Å"Shooting an elephant† they are both white, and the winner of the imperialism. But they have different view and thought about the imperialism. In the poem â€Å"The white man’s burden† the white man to bring civilization to the natives, by educate them and take responsible to the native, and white man sacrifice a lot to the natives . In the essay â€Å"shooting an elephant† the white police officer think that the imperialism was an evil thing to the natives, his sympathy for the oppressed native, but in other hand he can’t do anything about it. In conclusion the poem and essay was written during the Imperialism period, causing many mix feelings between what is good and what is bad? But I feel so bad about the natives, why should white people have to care about native? Because if you want to control over a country you need to know their culture and respect their culture this is call winner. Why is important? Because we are human and we have to try everyone equally the way they should be treat. In shooting an elephant, the white police know that imperialism is evil thing to the native, at the time he couldn’t do anything about. But today is different and we all equal respect each other, and live in freedom country.

Do you agree the professional athletes such as football player and basketball player deserve high salaries to be paid? Essay

Undoubtedly, there is a long and tough way towards becoming a great and the famous sports star, not only persistent efforts but also talent are required. Few people on this field could accomplish great things like them. As a reward, they deserve a higher compensation. However, in my opinion, they are paid a crazy amount of salary that is far more than ordinary working people. A lot of money is needed for many purposes, for example, for the aid of starving people in the less economically developing counties, in building school buildings for the children in poverty mountains and help the patients regain their health. If the money that spent on the professional athletes are used on the purpose of these bare necessities of life. Thousands of people will be benefited, which is more meaningful in my opinion. In addition, there are professionals in other fields that provide the population by far much more than the professional athletes such as player of football. For example, education, essentially, is a vital key that will unlock a country’s potential. However, teachers are not paid too much. Generally, teachers are paid between 3000 to 6000 yuan a month in my city. Even those senior professor, who have years of experiences and have the respect of his students, is always paid less than 10000. Similarly, the average doctor, who have working more than 8 hours a day, earns around 5000 yuan a month. Hence, we have to pay more attention and pay more wages to them rather than the professional athletes. From those reasons, we can safely conclude that professional athletes are supposed to pay higher but moderate wages

European Settlement Essays

European Settlement Essays European Settlement Essay European Settlement Essay What impact did European settlement have on the indigenous population of Australia? European settlement had a severe and devastating impact on Indigenous people. Their dispossession of the land, exposure to new diseases and involvement in violent conflict, resulted in the death of a vast number of the Aboriginal peoples. The small percentage of Aboriginal people who did not die during these early decades of the colony, were not unaffected. The impact of the white settlers changed their lives Disease:While the British settlers had a hand in the intentional eradication of the Aboriginal peoples, the settlers were also accidentally responsible for their deaths during times of peaceful contact. When the settlers arrived in Australia they brought with them a number of European epidemic diseases. These diseases included chickenpox,  smallpox,  typhoid,  measles  and  influenza. The Aboriginal peoples had  no immunity to these unfamiliar diseases. Loss of land: Not long after th e First Fleet arrived in New South Wales, overseas governments began to grant, lease and sell land to white settlers.As the prosperity of the overseas wool industry increased, more settlers arrived in the gathering to stake their claims on grazing land from which they could amass their own fortunes. The fading availability of suitable land resulted in a number of voyages to search for more fertile grazing land. Loss of culture: in 1770, the Australian Aboriginals culture and way of life dramatically changed when Lieutenant James Cook took possession of the east coast of Australia and named it New South Wales.The British colonisation of Australia began 18 years later, which was a terrible event for indigenous Australians. The Europeans spread epidemic diseases The British settlement then took land and water resources from the Australian Aborigine, and was ignorant in their assumption that the semi-nomadic Aborigines could be driven off and made to live somewhere else. In fact, the lo ss of traditional lands, food sources and water resources was a fatal blow to the Aboriginal communities who already weakened by disease were then forced to abandon their deep spiritual and cultural connection to their land.As a direct consequence of the invasion, the enforced move away from traditional areas adversely impacted upon Aboriginal cultural and the spiritual practices which had been necessary for maintaining the cohesion and well-being of the tribal group. Conflict ;amp; Massacres At first fear and curiosity were experienced by the Aboriginal peoples and the British settlers. Cultural misunderstandings over land, however, made the initial attempts to construct a peaceful relationship seem futile.Both the settlers and Aboriginal people felt they were fighting for their survival and so the war that erupted between them was desperate and brutal. The 1834 Battle of Pinjarra in Western Australia, the 1838 Myall Creek Massacre in New South Wales and the 1843 Warrigal Creek Mas sacre in Victoria are three infamous confrontations in Australian history. There were committed in all parts of the country, by both the Aboriginal people and the white. The white settlers, however, had the superior firepower and in later times, as more and more Aboriginal people died from.

The Function and Location of the Pineal Gland

The Function and Location of the Pineal Gland The pineal gland is a small, pinecone-shaped gland of the endocrine system. A structure of the diencephalon of the brain, the pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin. Melatonin influences sexual development and sleep-wake cycles. The pineal gland is composed of cells called pinealocytes and cells of the nervous system called glial cells. The pineal gland connects the endocrine system with the nervous system in that it converts nerve signals from the sympathetic system of the peripheral nervous system into hormone signals. Over time, calcium deposits build-up in the pineal and its accumulation can lead to calcification in the elderly. Function The pineal gland is involved in several functions of the body including: Secretion of the hormone melatoninRegulation of endocrine functionsConversion of nervous system signals to endocrine signalsCauses sleepinessInfluences sexual developmentInfluences immune system functionAntioxidant activity Location Directionally the pineal gland is situated between the cerebral hemispheres and attached to the third ventricle. It is located in the center of the brain. Pineal Gland and Melatonin Melatonin is produced within the pineal gland and synthesized from the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is secreted into the cerbrospinal fluid of the third ventricle and is directed from there into the blood. Upon entering the bloodstream, melatonin can be circulated throughout the body. Melatonin is also produced by other body cells and organs including retinal cells, white blood cells, gonads, and skin. Melatonin production is vital to the regulation of sleep-wake cycles (circadian rhythm) and its production is determined by light and dark detection. The retina sends signals about light and dark detection to an area of the brain called the hypothalamus. These signals are eventually relayed to the pineal gland. The more light detected, the less melatonin produced and released into the blood. Melatonin levels are at their highest during the night and this promotes changes in the body that help us to sleep. Low levels of melatonin during daylight hours help us to stay awake. Melatonin has been used in the treatment of sleep-related disorders including jet lag and shift-work sleep disorder. In both of these cases, a persons circadian rhythm is disrupted either due to travel across multiple time zones or due to working night shifts or rotating shifts. Melatonin has also been used in the treatment of insomnia and depressive disorder. Melatonin influences the development of reproductive system structures as well. It inhibits the release of certain reproductive hormones from the pituitary gland that affect male and female reproductive organs. These pituitary hormones, known as gonadotropins, stimulate gonads to release sex hormones. Melatonin, therefore, regulates sexual development. In animals, melatonin plays a role in regulating mating seasons. Pineal Gland Dysfunction Should the pineal gland begin to function abnormally, a number of problems may result. If the pineal gland is not able to produce sufficient amounts of melatonin, a person could experience insomnia, anxiety, low thyroid hormone production (hypothyroidism), menopause symptoms, or intestinal hyperactivity. If the pineal gland produces too much melatonin, a person could experience low blood pressure, abnormal function of the adrenal and thyroid glands, or Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). SAD is a depressive disorder that some individuals experience during the winter months when sunlight is minimal. Sources Emerson, Charles H. â€Å"Pineal Gland.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, www.britannica.com/science/pineal-gland.Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Melatonin.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, www.britannica.com/science/melatonin.

Commercial Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Commercial Property Law - Essay Example Any conflict between the parties shall be resolved in consonance with the tenor of the contract, the spirit and letter of the relevant laws as well as applying common law principles and judicial interpretation rendered by courts or tribunals on similar issues. The interpretation of the parties’ rights and obligation in contractual relationships vary and oftentimes the interest of one party may cloud its judgment thus it is important that independent minds should offer impartial opinions to aid the parties in making informed decisions. It is in this context that our firm was commissioned by Tomes Limited (Tomes) to evaluate its standing in a leasehold agreement whether its posturing against the landlord is valid. The account was assigned to me for appropriate action. II. Factual Background The leasehold contract over an Old Victorian Townhouse was constituted on 1 April 1997 for a period of twenty five years where rent review shall be made at the end of the 5th, 10th and 15th y ears of the term provided that such intention is communicated to the tenant within the 5th, 10th and 15th years. The break clause option is available to either party provided that notice shall be given to the other party during the first six months of the 15th year. The leasehold states that the â€Å"tenant shall put and keep the premises in tenantable repair to include the decorations, wall-surfaces, window frames, glazing, and casements.† The Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 shall be applicable as no effort to exclude its operation was undertaken by the parties. Tomes assumed the lease three years ago and utilizes the demised premises as a book shop—an activity which is not prohibited by the user clause. Its peaceful occupation of the demised properly was interrupted when the landlord demanded that Tomes undertake repair on the cracks in the corners of and right across all the ceilings after a structural inspection revealed that cracking has been caused by flexion of fl oor joists induced by the load imposed by book shelves. The engineer who conducted the structural investigation concluded that the joists may not have been permanently damaged by the load but nonetheless recommends the installation of steel reinforcement of the joists in the floor voids along with load reduction as the upper floors are not particularly well suited to the demands of book storage. III. The Opposing Views The controversy escalated when the landlord insisted that the reinforcement works as recommended by the engineer should be executed by Tomes pursuant to the repairing covenant and its obligation to repair any damage to the demised premises caused by it. The landlord further argues that without the works, the premises cannot properly be used as a book shop. Tomes disagrees claiming that the repairing covenant covers only cosmetic facade and the installation of steel reinforcement cannot be characterized simply as a cosmetic enhancement but one that requires structural repair. Tomes further refuted the move of the landlord for rent review as the review was not timely initiated within the period specified in the leasehold thus estoppel set in. Tomes suspects that the persistence of the landlord to ascribe fault against it is brought about by his recent acquisition of the controlling share in Volumes Limited (Volumes for brevity), a specialist book-seller which needs new retail premises. It would appear that the landlord wants to get Tomes out of the way to install Volumes in the premises

Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Analysis - Case Study Example One of the few complaints that have become too regular in the operations of Fresh Direct is the customer claim that products are not sufficiently fresh upon delivery. Online grocery services are still an extremely small market sector in comparison to the massive physical stores that dominate the industry (Hand et al., 2009), so it is vital that Fresh Direct address every possible weakness with the appropriate correction measures. The business obtains, stores, sorts, and delivers items through a detailed process that has been extensively researched to minimize the time until delivery and to keep appropriate products refrigerated as needed. Accordingly, it is possible that the actual freshness is not the problem. Instead, customer perspectives may be biased because they cannot actually touch and physically examine their food prior to purchase, as many shoppers are accustomed to do (Cho, 2011). Fresh Direct can provide daily updates from factory employees that describes the items in the physical terms that shoppers would normally check in person. This addition to the website may ease consumer concern about receiving products that are not sufficiently

In no more than 2,000 words, you are required to give a detailed Essay

In no more than 2,000 words, you are required to give a detailed account of the legal arguments you would put forward for the discharge of Edna Elliot by the MH - Essay Example Every adult is presumed to deserve the sufficient capacity of understanding the decisions made by him and consequences of any action (Sumond, 2005, p.45). "Mental capacity is the term used to describe a cluster of mental skills that people use in their day to day lives in making decisions" (Capacity and Consent, p.1) Speaking in easier terms, mental capacity means the ability of an individual to make a decision about specific elements of their life" (Crawley & Williams, 2007, p.3). Actually, the concept is not a unanimous as it differs in varied context. "Consent is the voluntary or unconditional permission of a person to a given dealing" (Crawley & Williams, 2007, p.3). This relates to the free-will of an individual about a particular matter and corresponds to the psychoanalytical explanation. Permission or decision obtained through force, fraud or intimidation is not considered as consent. As per the provision of Mental Health Act, 1983 consent indicates a voluntary or unconditiona l willingness of a person for the commission of a particular act which is within the knowledge of the said person. If a certain adult suffers from mental incapacity, effort should be taken so that the best interests of the individual can be sustained. House of Lords has defined 'best interest' as: "[n]ecessary to save life or prevent a deterioration or ensure an improvement in the patient's physical or mental health; and in accordance with a practice accepted at the time by a responsible body of medical opinion skilled in the particular form of treatment in question" (Capacity and Consent, p.4). Mental incapacity is equally applicable to persons of all ages including the children. The Children's Commissioner for England ('the Children's Commissioner') was established under by the Children Act 2004. This body is invested with the responsibilities of promoting and protecting the interests of Children. Clause 24 of Mental Health Act 1983 has made some changes regarding the children und er the age of 18. The amendment states that "children with mental health problems would receive assessment, treatment and care from child and adolescent mental health specialists and where in-patient care is needed, are placed in age appropriate settings" (Children's Commissioner. n.d., p.3). 3. Legislation Regarding Mental Health There are several enactments governing the mental health in the country. The most prominent amongst these instruments is The Mental Health act, 1983. Other enactments are Mental Incapacity act, 2005, Court protection rules 1994. For the convenience and proper understanding over the topic, it is required to have a careful and through analysis over those relevant legislations. 3.1. The Mental Health Act 1983 The Mental Health Act 1983 sets out the law on assessing and/or treating a mentally disordered patient under compulsion. The legislative provisions concerning the mental incapacities and their treatment as inserted in The Mental Health

Food Nutrition History

Food Nutrition History The history of food and nutrition dates back as far as the beginning of recorded history. In the era of hunters and gathers, people knew that they had to eat in order to survive. The teachings and techniques that were used to obtain food at that time came from trial and error. It was up to the people to figure out which foods were suitable and which could possibly cause illness or even death. The importance of food, specific dietary patterns and disease prevention were observed in the Indian Ayurvedic tradition, dating back to 2500 BCE (1). Looking beyond the medieval era, western science and medicine developed ways of thinking about food and health between 600 BCE and 300 CE (1). Societies throughout each era have looked at diet and nutrition as a means of healthy living and survival. Through the Renaissance and up to the eighteenth century, teaching noted that diet and nutrition were an integral part of having a fulfilled life (1). Many documents from ancient and historical times have evidence that inventions for food processing were becoming existent and new foods were being discovered. In this time, food was mostly produced and consumed entirely within the local area. A familys nourishment was provided by the food that was grown and prepared within the family and exchanged with nearby neighbors. Cooking and preservation techniques at this time were not necessarily safe but were evolving. During the industrial revolution, the introduction of railroads and wagon roads made the transfer of goods possible at greater distances. This shift began to affect the foods that people had access to and what they ate (2). The science of nutrition began to emerge in the early to mid nineteenth century. During this time, both Europe and the US were influenced by their governments to increase the yield of food from plant crops and animal herds (1). Food production held a very important role in nourishing the soldiers who were fighting in the war. Safe food was soon found to be the key for survival of troops, especially those who had been wounded and needed proper nourishment to fight illness and infection. Dietetics as a profession can be linked back to the evolution of home economics (3). The early evolution of food and nutrition science was explored to feed soldiers in battle and to also to provide necessary nutrition to those who were preparing to become young soldiers. Nutrition and appropriate food choices were demonstrated to young families to ensure healthy individuals. World War I brought food shortages. Those who were knowledgeable in dietetics encouraged others to plant gardens and learn how to develop recipes for home and hospital use. Both world wars observed the creation of dietetics as a profession (3). Many important people deserve credit in the history of Dietetics. Far more than five people contributed to its development. Dietetics is largely applied by the use of chemistry, it is necessary to recognize Antoine Lavoisier, who is known as the Father of Chemistry. Lavoisier was born into an upper class, Paris family in 1743. He was able to obtain a law degree at the College Mazarin, though he never practiced law. He had more interest in mathematics and science and gained membership into the Academy of Sciences at the age of 25 (4). Lavoisier had many contributions, to include the assistance in establishing the metric system, to naming 33 elements of periodic table. He died at the age of 51 from literally loosing his head, as he was found guilty of conspiracy against the people of France. Wilbur Olin Atwater, an American chemist, was born May 3, 1844 in Johnsburg, New York. Atwater is known for his studies in human nutrition and metabolism. He pursued an undergraduate degree at Wesleyan University in Connecticut and later went on to obtain his PhD from Yale Universitys Sheffield Scientific School in agricultural chemistry (5). Atwater invented a device called the respiration calorimeter that measured human metabolism balance by analyzing the heat produced and metabolic rate by a person performing certain activities. This new invention aided many new studies in dietary evolution and food analysis (1, 2, 5). Energy and protein sources were studied and measured to determine that certain foods provide different amounts of nutrients and energy than other. The fat, protein, and carbohydrates of all different kinds of foods were observed and soon there was an awareness of the food calorie. Atwater continued to lead research teams on discovering nutrient requirements, food composition and consumption, and consumer economics (6). Throughout his discoveries, Atwater determined that Americans eat more unhealthful foods than desired and do not exercise enough. Florence Nightingale, born 1820 in Tuscany into an upper class family, need be mentioned as a contributor to Dietetics as she was the one who acknowledged the need for safe and nutritious food for soldiers during the Crimean War (7). She was actually a pioneer nurse in her time and was determined to improve the living conditions at the camp hospitals and made and effort to clean and organize facilities where patients were cared for. Her contributions helped spread awareness of the necessity for clean, safe, and nutritious foods. There is a long history of health and nutrition and the involvement and contribution of many people and their discoveries has made great progress. Most of the progress has been made in the last 100 years, as new technologies have been a great asset to nutritional health and implementation. Scientific advances, social and economic factors, and military conflicts are contributors to the advancement of the dietetic profession as well. The most important contribution would have to be the determination and dedication by early dietitians who knew that there was a difference to be made and that they were the ones who would be able to make that difference. The understanding and importance of good eating habits was not common not known to most of society, or perhaps just not understood. Scientific experiments were documented and scholarly journals written, but they were for almost impossible to understand by anyone who was not in the dietetic profession. Alice Blood was the one who would be able to put all of the difficult works into something that could be understood by large public audience. She translated science-based nutrition information into easy-to-read pamphlets in an effort to educate people on good nutrition. Alice Blood obtained a bachelors degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a PHD in biochemistry from Yale. She also held the title of director at the School of Household Economics at Simmons College in Massachusetts (8). Many changes came about in 1917 for the dietetics profession and many women contributed to these changes. A new organization, the American Dietetic Association [ADA], was born in the fall of 1917 when more than 100 women organized a meeting in Cleveland to discuss multiple issues within dietetics. Lulu Graves, a dietician in Cleveland, held a strong position that dietitians play an important role of the medical team and that when nutrition services are offered to patients, money is saved (8). This is a time when dietitians had the primary role of feeding the wounded and sick in hospitals. The doctors were the ones who could prescribe special diets for treatments and dietitians were like the physicians assistants. At this point, doctors were primarily male and all dietitians were female. Only three states allowed women to vote and women were not allowed to travel unaccompanied by a man (8). Graves stressed the importance of scientific training for dietitians and knew that the future of dietetics would be assured. Lulu Graves was elected the first president of the ADA (9). At the first meeting, many issues were discussed especially concerning food conservation and global food needs. This was an important for the Association to come together, as World War I was still in mission. The annual meeting to follow had greater attendance and included more states involvement. By the sixth annual meeting, which was held in Indianapolis in 1923, insulin was presented as the new treatment for diabetes (9). Insulin was discovered and isolated at the University of Toronto in 1921-1922 by Dr. Frederick Banting (10). Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas and is necessary to keep glucose levels in the blood at a safe and functional level. This was a major event in dietetic history, as the diagnosis and treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes continues to be at high demand. Food technology was on the rise going into the 1930s. Refrigerators, toasters, canned goods, frozen vegetables, sliced bread and many other developments were introduced. These new preparation and storage methods provided more convenience for keeping food on hand. Obesity became a health concern, which was the topic of discussion towards the end of the 30s. Soon to follow would be the opening of the first McDonalds and Dairy Queen in the early 1940s (9). If what was known then about the negative health affects Americans would experience from frequenting fast food chains, one has to wonder if there would be any earlier changes in the way food is processed and produced for these places. Martha Lewis Nelson was a pioneer in exploring total education of dietitians (8). The original dietetic program was a four-year course at a University with a major in food and nutrition, with a six-month dietetic internship. In 1942, Lewis was the director of Medical Dietetics at Ohio State University and she redesigned the internship program, making it possible to earn a Master of Science degree along with the internship (8). Many institutions today use this curriculum to develop education programs for dietetics. In 1966, nutrition and diet therapy services were included in comprehensive medical care programs. Clare Forbes, a Massachusetts delegate to the ADAs House of Delegates, was the force behind this movement (8). Forbes is credited for developing future state legislative programs and guiding the development of the ADAs mission statement (8). Twenty-six years ago, in 1982, the ADAs capacity to reach the public on food nutrition, and health concerns was forever changed. A new resource center, National Canter for Nutrition and Dietetics, was funded through a capital fund program (9). National Nutrition Month is one of the outreach programs that are very active today. The purpose of National Nutrition Month is to help make people aware of necessity of a healthy lifestyle and diet. Many more factors go into health other than just what a person eats. Diet and exercise go hand in hand. If it were not for the good old girls Alice Blood, Lulu Graves, Martha Lewis Nelson, and Claire Forbes, the American Dietetic Association may not exist today. It is up to those in the profession to get the message out to the public about good health and nutrition so that money and lives can be saved in the long run. Over the past 20 years, many new diet fads have been introduced. Some of these diets have proven to be effective and safe while others are effective and unsafe. Most often the results are temporary, as the people get bored with the same food or routine and then end up failing. Reading nutrition labels and ingredient lists on foods has become more popular in the past couple of years, as people now have a better idea of what they are looking for. There are multiple commercials, newspaper articles, and health magazines that give health alerts to new findings in the food that people eat. With all of the sources in which nutrition facts and health information can be found, Americans are far more educated now than they ever have been before. The image is to get into shape and live healthier lifestyles. The advancements in medical technology have expanded the role of the dietetic professional on so many levels. Special diets, mechanically altered foods, and diagnosis of new disease conditions have forced nutritional professionals to test and experiment with new ways of feeding patients and ensuring that they are receiving appropriate nutrition. References Cannon G. The rise and fall of dietetics and of nutrition science, 4000 BCE-2000 CE. Public Health Nutrition. 2005;8(6A):701-705. Roth D. Americas fascination with nutrition. Available at: http://www.ers. usda.gov/publications/foodreview/jan2000/frjan2000f.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2008. History of Home Economics at Ryerson. Ryerson University Web site Available at: http://www.ryerson.ca/~foodnut/alumni/history_he.html. Accessed February 4, 2008. Antoine Lavoisier. Available at: http://mattson.creighton.edu/History_ Gas_Chemistry/Lavoisier.html. Accessed February 25, 2008. Wilbur Olin Atwater. Wikipedia online. Available at: http://en.wikipedia. Org/wiki/Wilbur_Olin_Atwater. Accessed February 25, 2008. Welsh S. Atwater to the Present: Evolution of Nutrition Education. Journal of Nutrition [serial online]. September 1994;124:1799S-1807S. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipwich, MA. Accessed February 25, 2008. Florence Nightingale. Wikipedia online. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/ Wiki/Florence_Nightingale. Accessed February 24, 2008. Fitz P. Presidents page about 80 years ago. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;98(3):264. Petrillo T. Live the ADA legacy-annually. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102(8):1046 -1050. 10. The Discovery of Insulin-The history of diabetes treatment. About.com Web site. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bldiabetes.htm. Accessed February 22, 2008.